Interpretasi Terhadap Konsepsi Self-Defence Right (Hak Bela Diri) Israel Dalam Konflik Israel-Palestina Dari Perspektif Hukum Humaniter Internasional

Article Sidebar

pdf (Bahasa Indonesia)
Published: Jun 30, 2026
DOI: https://doi.org/10.29303/risalahkenotariatan.v7i1.430
Keywords:
Hak Bela Diri; Hukum Humaniter Internasional; Konflik Israel-Palestina; Proporsionalitas.

Main Article Content

Lalu Guna Nugraha
Universitas Mataram
Diva Pitaloka
Universitas Mataram
Adhitya Nini Rizki Apriliana
Universitas Mataram
Syamsul Mujtahidin
Universitas Mataram

Abstract

Konflik Israel-Palestina, khususnya pasca-serangan 7 Oktober 2023, menghidupkan kembali perdebatan tentang batas hak bela diri (self-defence right) negara. Penelitian ini bertujuan menganalisis interpretasi hak bela diri dari perspektif Hukum Humaniter Internasional (HHI) dan menilai apakah tindakan militer Israel ke Palestina dapat dibenarkan sebagai self-defence. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian hukum normatif dengan pendekatan perundang-undangan (statute approach), kasus (case approach), dan konseptual (conceptual approach). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa interpretasi hak bela diri dalam kerangka HHI menuntut keseimbangan antara kebutuhan militer dan prinsip kemanusiaan, sehingga penerapannya wajib tunduk pada prinsip proporsionalitas, pembedaan, dan kemanusiaan. Meskipun Israel memiliki hak untuk membela diri, skala dan metode operasi militernya menimbulkan keraguan serius atas pemenuhan prinsip proporsionalitas dan pembedaan, mengingat besarnya korban sipil dan kerusakan infrastruktur di Palestina. Penyelesaian konflik menuntut upaya diplomatik yang lebih intensif serta pemantauan independen atas kepatuhan kedua pihak terhadap HHI.

Article Details

How to Cite
Nugraha, L. G., Pitaloka, D. ., Apriliana, A. N. R. ., & Mujtahidin , S. . (2026). Interpretasi Terhadap Konsepsi Self-Defence Right (Hak Bela Diri) Israel Dalam Konflik Israel-Palestina Dari Perspektif Hukum Humaniter Internasional. Jurnal Risalah Kenotariatan, 7(1), 70–90. https://doi.org/10.29303/risalahkenotariatan.v7i1.430
Issue
Vol. 7 No. 1 (2026): Jurnal Risalah Kenotariatan
Section
Articles
Creative Commons License

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

References

Ambarwati, Denny Ramdhany, dan Rina Rusman. Hukum Humaniter Internasional dalam Studi Hubungan Internasional.

“Awal Mula dan Lini Masa Konflik Israel vs Hamas.” Kompas.com, 2023. https://www.kompas.com/tren/read/2023/10/11/080000765/awal-mula-dan-lini-masa-konflik-israel-vs-hamas.

Beaumont, P. “Israel-Hamas War: How 7 October Unfolded and the Aftermath.” The Guardian, 2023.

Benvenisti, E. The International Law of Occupation. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2020.

Bowett, D.W. Self-Defense in International Law. Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1958.

Brierly, James Leslie. The Law of Nations. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1955.

Brown, N.J. When Victory Is Not an Option: Islamist Movements in Arab Politics. Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 2012.

Cassese, A., P. Gaeta, L. Baig, M. Fan, C. Gosnell, dan A. Whiting. Cassese’s International Criminal Law. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2013.

Cohen, Gal. “Jus ad Bellum Applicability During ‘Ongoing Armed Conflicts’: Gaza as a Test Case.” Israel Law Review 58, no. 2–3 (2025): 186–228. https://doi.org/10.1017/S002122372510006X.

Danial. “Efektifitas Konsep Prinsip Pembedaan Hukum Humaniter Internasional sebagai Upaya Perlindungan Korban dalam Konflik Bersenjata Modern.” Jurnal Media Hukum 23, no. 2 (2016): 200–208. https://doi.org/10.18196/jmh.2016.0080.200-208.

Dinstein, Y. War, Aggression and Self-Defence. 5th ed. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2011.

Dinstein, Y. War, Aggression and Self-Defence. 6th ed. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2017.

El Sarraj, E. “Suicide Bombers: Dignity, Despair, and the Need for Hope.” Journal of Palestine Studies 31, no. 4 (2002): 71–76.

Elshtain, J.B. Just War and Humanitarian Intervention. Washington, DC: American Society of International Law, 2001.

Franck, Thomas M. Recourse to Force: State Actions Against Threats and Armed Attacks. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2004.

Gardam, J. Necessity, Proportionality and the Use of Force by States. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2004.

Gelvin, J.L. The Israel-Palestine Conflict: One Hundred Years of War. 3rd ed. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2014.

General Treaty for the Renunciation of War. 27 Agustus 1928.

Gill, T.D. “The Jus ad Bellum and the War in Gaza.” Journal of International Peacekeeping 27, no. 3 (2024): 249–263. https://doi.org/10.1163/18754112-27030002.

Gill, T.D. “The Jus ad Bellum and the War in Gaza.” Journal of International Peacekeeping 27, no. 3 (2024): 249–263. https://doi.org/10.1163/18754112-27030002.

Goodrich, L., dan E. Hambro. Charter of the United Nations: Commentary and Documents. 1949.

Gray, C. International Law and the Use of Force. 4th ed. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2018.

Greenwood, C. “The Concept of War in Modern International Law.” International and Comparative Law Quarterly 38, no. 2 (1989): 283–306.

Gross, J.A. “Netanyahu Says Israel ‘at War,’ Vows Hamas Will Pay ‘Unprecedented Price’.” Times of Israel, 2023.

Haryomataram. Pengantar Hukum Humaniter. Jakarta: PT Rajawali Press, 2005.

Henckaerts, J.M., dan L. Doswald-Beck. Customary International Humanitarian Law, Volume I: Rules. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2005.

Ho, Hengky. “Penerapan Hukum Humaniter Internasional dalam Konflik Bersenjata antara Palestina dan Israel.” Lex et Societatis 7, no. 2 (2019): 169–181. https://doi.org/10.35796/les.v7i2.24668.

Human Rights Watch. “Israel/Palestine: Unlawful Israeli Attacks on Gaza.” World Report 2023.

Human Rights Watch. World Report 2023: Israel and Palestine. 2023.

Ibrahim, Johny. Teori dan Penelitian Hukum Normatif. Malang: Bayumedia, 2006.

Ifara, Aliya Nadita, Alsya Devita Alizky, Riski Fajar Amelia, Yayang Tria Syafitri, dan Stevri Iskandar. “Tinjauan Yuridis Kejahatan Israel terhadap Palestina dalam Perspektif Hukum Internasional.” Indonesian Journal of Law and Justice 1, no. 3 (2024): 13. https://doi.org/10.47134/ijlj.v1i3.2703.

Indriani, Susi, dan Yati Sharfina Desiandri. “HAM dan Hukum Humaniter Internasional: Analisis Konflik Israel dan Palestina.” Politica: Jurnal Hukum Tata Negara dan Politik Islam 11, no. 1 (2024): 1–9. https://doi.org/10.32505/politica.v11i1.7610.

Indriani, S., dan Y.S. Desiandri. “HAM dan Hukum Humaniter Internasional: Analisis Konflik Israel dan Palestina.” Politica: Jurnal Hukum Tata Negara dan Politik Islam 11, no. 1 (2024): 1–9. https://doi.org/10.32505/politica.v11i1.7610.

International Committee of the Red Cross. Commentary on the First Geneva Convention. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2016.

Kalshoven, Frits, dan Liesbeth Zegveld. Constraints on the Waging of War: An Introduction to International Humanitarian Law. Geneva: ICRC, 2001.

Kattan, V. “The Use and Abuse of Self-Defence in International Law: The Israel-Hezbollah Conflict as a Case Study.” Yearbook of Islamic and Middle Eastern Law 12, no. 1 (2009): 31–66.

Khalidi, R. The Hundred Years’ War on Palestine. New York: Metropolitan Books, 2020.

Khalidi, R., dan S. Samour. “Neoliberalism as Liberation: The Statehood Program and the Remaking of the Palestinian National Movement.” Journal of Palestine Studies 40, no. 2 (2011): 6–25.

Kingsley, P. “Israel Vows to Rescue Hostages as Hamas Threatens to Kill Them.” The New York Times, 2023.

Koh, H. The Trump Administration and International Law. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2022.

Kubovich, Y. “Israel’s Military Campaign Against Hamas: Objectives and Challenges.” Haaretz, 2023.

Lappin, Y. “IDF Launches Operation Iron Swords in Response to Hamas Assault.” Jerusalem Post, 2023.

Legality of the Threat or Use of Nuclear Weapons. Advisory Opinion. ICJ Reports 1996.

Lustick, I.S. Paradigm Lost: From Two-State Solution to One-State Reality. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2019.

Marzuki, Peter Mahmud. Penelitian Hukum. Jakarta: Kencana, 2005.

Maurer, P. Humanitarian Diplomacy: A New Approach to International Relations. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2023.

Mearsheimer, J.J., dan S.M. Walt. The Israel Lobby and U.S. Foreign Policy. New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2007.

Melzer, N. International Humanitarian Law: A Comprehensive Introduction. Geneva: ICRC, 2019.

Military and Paramilitary Activities in and against Nicaragua (Nicaragua v. United States of America). Judgment. ICJ Reports 1986.

Miller, B. “The International-Regional Nexus: The Arab Uprisings and the Middle East Regional Order.” International Politics 50, no. 5 (2013): 637–639.

Miller, D.H. The Peace Pact of Paris: A Study of the Briand-Kellogg Treaty. New York: G.P. Putnam’s Sons.

Minutes of the Thirty-Eighth Meeting of the United States Delegation. San Francisco, 14 Mei 1945.

Morris, B. 1948: A History of the First Arab-Israeli War. New Haven: Yale University Press, 2008.

Nurbani, Erlies Septiana. “Perkembangan Teknologi Senjata dan Prinsip Proporsionalitas.” Jurnal IUS Kajian Hukum dan Keadilan 5, no. 1 (2017): 13–29. https://doi.org/10.29303/ius.v5i1.436.

Nussbaum, A. “Just War: A Legal Concept?” Michigan Law Review 42, no. 3 (1943).

O’Keefe, R. The Protection of Cultural Property in Armed Conflict. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2006.

OCHA. “Hostilities in the Gaza Strip and Israel | Flash Update #54.” United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs, 2023.

OCHA. Humanitarian Bulletin: Occupied Palestinian Territory. 2023.

Pappe, I. The Ethnic Cleansing of Palestine. Oxford: Oneworld Publications, 2006.

Pappé, I. The Idea of Israel: A History of Power and Knowledge. London: Verso Books, 2014.

Putri, Nabila Milenia Melati Sulistyo. “Peran PBB dalam Menangani Konflik Israel-Palestina Tahun 2023.” Diplomacy and Global Security Journal 2, no. 2 (2025): 693–705. https://doi.org/10.36859/dgsj.v2i2.4596.

Quigley, J. The Six-Day War and Israeli Self-Defense: Questioning the Legal Basis for Preventive War. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2013.

Roy, S. The Gaza Strip: The Political Economy of De-development. Washington, DC: Institute for Palestine Studies, 2016.

Ruys, T. “Armed Attack” and Article 51 of the UN Charter: Evolutions in Customary Law and Practice. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2010.

Salem, P. The Middle East: Evolution of a Broken Regional Order. Carnegie Paper, 2008.

Sassòli, M. International Humanitarian Law: Rules, Controversies, and Solutions to Problems Arising in Warfare. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar Publishing, 2019.

Schabas, W.A. An Introduction to the International Criminal Court. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2022.

Schmitt, M.N. “Drone Attacks under the Jus ad Bellum and Jus in Bello: Clearing the ‘Fog of Law’.” Yearbook of International Humanitarian Law 13 (2010): 150–152.

Schmitt, M.N. “Preemptive Strategies in International Law.” Michigan Journal of International Law 24, no. 2 (2003): 513.

Schmitt, Michael N. “Targeted Killings and International Law: Law Enforcement, Self-Defense, and Armed Conflict.” Dalam International Humanitarian Law and Human Rights Law: Towards a New Merger in International Law, 101–134. Leiden: Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, 2008.

Schmitt, M.N. Tallinn Manual on the International Law Applicable to Cyber Warfare. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2013.

Security Council Official Records, (XVII), 1022nd Meeting. 23 Oktober 1962.

Setiyono, Joko. “Peran ICRC dalam Perkembangan Hukum Humaniter Internasional di Era Global.” Law Reform 13, no. 2 (2017): 217–233. https://doi.org/10.14710/lr.v13i2.16157.

Shany, Y. Assessing the Effectiveness of International Courts. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2014.

Shlaim, A. The Iron Wall: Israel and the Arab World. New York: W.W. Norton & Company, 2014.

Solis, G.D. The Law of Armed Conflict: International Humanitarian Law in War. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2021.

UN Security Council. “The Situation in the Middle East, Including the Palestinian Question.” United Nations Security Council Report, 2023.

UNHRC. Report of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights. 2023.

United Nations. Charter of the United Nations. 1945. 1 UNTS XVI.

van Steenberghe, Raphaël. “The Armed Conflict in Gaza, and Its Complexity under International Law: Jus ad Bellum, Jus in Bello, and International Justice.” Leiden Journal of International Law 37, no. 4 (2024): 983–1017. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0922156524000220.

Waxman, D. The Israeli-Palestinian Conflict: What Everyone Needs to Know. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2019.

Weiss, T.G. What’s Wrong with the United Nations and How to Fix It. Cambridge: Polity Press, 2016.

Wendra, Muhammad, dan Andri Sutrisno. “Tantangan Penyelesaian Konflik Internasional yang Dilematik mengenai Hak Veto dalam Dewan Keamanan PBB (Studi Kasus Palestina dengan Israel).” Journal of Contemporary Law Studies 1, no. 3 (2024): 171–180. https://doi.org/10.47134/lawstudies.v2i2.2373.

Wirajaya, Armando Christofel, Michael G. Nainggolan, dan Youla O. Aguw. “Penyelesaian Sengketa Palestina dan Israel Menurut Hukum Internasional (Studi Kasus Perampasan Wilayah Palestina di Israel).” Lex et Societatis 8, no. 4 (2020): 45–52. https://doi.org/10.35796/les.v8i4.30909.

Zartman, W., dan S. Touval. International Mediation in Theory and Practice. Boulder: Westview Press, 1985.